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Rykestrasse Synagogue : ウィキペディア英語版
Rykestrasse Synagogue

Rykestrasse Synagogue, Germany's largest synagogue, is located in the Prenzlauer Berg neighbourhood in the Pankow borough of Berlin. built the synagogue in 1903/1904. It was inaugurated on 4 September 1904, in time for the holidays of and around Rosh haShana. The synagogue stands off the street alignment and is reached by a thoroughfare in the pertaining front building.
==The years 1902 to 1933==
(), comprising the bulk of Jewish faithful of mainstream (also called liberal, in today's English terminology 'conservative'), Orthodox and Reform affiliation, grew strongly in membership in the second half of the 19th century. With the expansion of Berlin into new neighbourhoods the need of additional synagogues within a walking distance became urgent. However, the Jewish community could not fulfill all the claims for additional premises, so many private synagogues (Vereinssynagogen, literally synagogues of registered associations) emerged scattered over the city. Most Jews in Prenzlauer Berg, however, could not afford to establish a Vereinssynagoge with their own funds. So in 1902 ''Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin'' bought the site in and its building master Johann Hoeniger (1850–1913) was commissioned to design and supervise the building of this new synagogue.
Construction started in 1903 and at noon on Sunday, 4 September 1904, the synagogue was inaugurated with Handel's prelude in D major and the Ma Tovu prayer led by cantor David Stabinski (1857–1919), Rabbi (1848–1916, illuminating the ner tamid) and Rabbi Adolf Rosenzweig (1850–1918) preaching.〔Hermann Simon, ''Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004)'', Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 10seqq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0〕 Almost the complete board (Vorstand) of ''Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin'' and many members of the elected assembly of representatives (Repräsentantenversammlung) attended the ceremony, while the city of Berlin sent its school councillor Carl Michaelis and , president of the city parliament.
In the afternoon of the same day Berlin's other Jewish community , solely comprising Orthodox members, opened its own synagogue in Artilleriestraße, today's Tucholskystraße. Five days later on the eve of Rosh haShana the Rykestraße Synagogue was first time used for its actual religious purpose.
With its members of different Jewish affiliations ''Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin'' also offered services in its different synagogues following different ceremonial styles. Some followed old style (''Alter Ritus''), such as the on Heidereutergasse 4, especially for the members clinging to the so-called ''intra-community orthodoxy'' (Gemeindeorthodoxie, as opposed to ''seceded orthodoxy'' (), the proponents of which had seceded from ''Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin'' establishing ''Adass Jisroel'' in 1869).
Other synagogues applied the new style (''Neuer Ritus''), often including organ music, (mixed) choirs and additional songs sung in German language.〔Hermann Simon, ''Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004)'', Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 23seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0〕
Each synagogue of ''Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin'' had its own elected ''Synagogenvorstand'' (board of gabba'im), which developed synagogal minhagim including their own peculiarities.〔Cf. Hermann Simon, ''Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004)'', Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 21seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0〕 Rykestraße Synagogue adopted a compromise minhag close to Alter Ritus. Thus rabbis of mainstream and Orthodox affiliation served the congregants.
The gabba'im decided to allow women and men sitting side by side, despite criticism from some Orthodox members.〔Hermann Simon, ''Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004)'', Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 11. ISBN 3-933471-71-0〕 In this the synagogue equalled the practice in Lützowstraße Synagogue. The plan to install an organ – as realised in Berlin's New Synagogue in 1861 – was given up after a hefty debate.〔Hermann Simon, ''Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004)'', Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 15seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0〕 The space in the prayer hall prepared for the organ remained empty.
In 1904 ''Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin'' opened a Jewish religious school (VI. Religionsschule) in the front building.〔Cf. ''Israelitisches Familienblatt'', 3 October 1904.〕 During World War I ''Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin'' engaged Rabbi Martin Joseph as chaplain for Jewish Russian prisoners of war kept in detention centres at Berlin. On the high holidays the German High Command allowed them to attend services in Rykestraße Synagogue.〔Cf. Hermann Simon, ''Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004)'', Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 23. ISBN 3-933471-71-0〕
Joseph Himmel (1872–1943, Theresienstadt) served as president of the gabba'im in the 1910s probably until the 1920s. Orthodox Rabbi Siegfried Alexander (1886–1943, Auschwitz) won the congregants to elect the first woman, Martha Ehrlich (née Eisenhardt; 1896–1942) as gabba'i, equally participating in gabba'i decisions and tasks, however, except of – unlike her male colleagues – calling congregants up to read the Torah.〔Cf. Hermann Simon, ''Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004)'', Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), pp. 25seq. ISBN 3-933471-71-0〕 In the 1930s until the closure of the synagogue in 1940, Josef Luster (1886–1943, Auschwitz) presided the board of gabba'im.〔He ran a kosher mineral-water and soft-drink factory on a site adjacent to the synagogue in the same block.〕
In 1922 a private School Association opened a Jewish school in the front building. The synagogue served the congregants in the Prenzlauer Berg neighbourhood as place of worship and for their rites of passage such as weddings and Bar Mitzvah ceremonies as well as Bat Mitzvah ceremonies starting as of the mid-1920s.〔Cf. Hermann Simon, ''Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004)'', Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 18. ISBN 3-933471-71-0〕 On Yom Kippur ceremonies the prayer of Kol Nidrei was skipped, as was typical for Neuer Ritus style. However, this was protested in the 1920s by a group of congregants, the so-called ''Kol Nidrei demonstrators'', who ostentatiously left the main prayer hall shortly before the service on the eve of Yom Kippur and then formed a minyan in the hallway, praying Kol Nidrei there, before returning again to the main hall.〔Cf. Hermann Simon, ''Die Synagoge Rykestraße (1904–2004)'', Berlin: Hentrich & Hentrich and Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin / Centrum Judaicum, 2004, (Jüdische Miniaturen; vol. 17), p. 24. ISBN 3-933471-71-0〕
The ''Israelitisches Familienblatt'' dedicated an article to the 25th anniversary of the inauguration of the Synagogue,〔Cf. ''Israelitisches Familienblatt'', 15 August 1929.〕 while the gabba'im decided to celebrate a special ceremony on Sunday, 29 September 1929.
Some congregants formed a registered association for the Rykestraße Synagogue (Synagogenverein Rykestraße), promoting strong company among the congregants, organising meetings, festivities, lectures to this end, cherishing Jewish traditions and collecting and donating money for needy congregants (Tzedakah), but also demanding a say at employing rabbis and cantors. In 1931 Hugo Alexander presided over the association.
In January 1933 Sally Heilbrunn, (1869–1951, Tel Aviv) and Rabbi Moritz Freier gathered 300 people protesting the replacement of Michael Sachs' Rödelheim siddur (Siddur Sefat Emet סדור ספת אמת) and machzor by the Berlin unitary siddur and machzor (Einheitsgebetsbuch).〔Cf. ''Israelitisches Familienblatt'', 18 January 1933.〕 On 25 January the same year Synagogenverein gathered for a lecture and made the case for unitary siddur and machzor, denying aiming at Reform but at restoring the minhag as it used to be until by 1928, claiming that most congregants disliked the traditionalist changes since.〔Cf. ''Israelitisches Familienblatt'', 2 February 1933.〕 In the end the protesters prevailed and the Rödelheim siddur and machzor remained in use in Rykestraße Synagogue until today.

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